Gufungura ingufu zisubirwamo hamwe na tekinoroji ya Bateriyeri
Mugihe imbaraga zisi zose zo kurwanya imihindagurikire y’ikirere zigenda ziyongera, intambwe igaragara mu ikoranabuhanga rya batiri igenda igaragara nk’ingenzi mu guhuza ingufu zishobora kongera ingufu hamwe na decarbonisation. Kuva kuri gride nini yo kubika ibisubizo kugeza kubinyabiziga byamashanyarazi (EV), bateri izakurikiraho irasobanura ingufu zirambye mugihe gikemura ibibazo bikomeye mubiciro, umutekano, nibidukikije.
Iterambere muri Chimie ya Bateri
Iterambere ryagezweho mubindi bikoresho bya chimisties bihindura imiterere:
- Bateri ya Iron-Sodium: Bateri ya Inlyte Energy ya fer-sodium yerekana 90% yingendo-shuri kandi ikagumana ubushobozi burenga 700, itanga ububiko buhendutse, burambye bwingufu zizuba n umuyaga.
- Batteri zikomeye: Mugusimbuza amashanyarazi ya electrolytite yaka nubundi buryo bukomeye, bateri zongera umutekano nubucucike bwingufu. Mugihe inzitizi zingana zishobora kuguma, ubushobozi bwabo muri EV - kongera intera no kugabanya ingaruka zumuriro - burahinduka.
- Batteri ya Litiyumu-Amazi (Li-S): Hamwe nubucucike bwingufu zirenze kure lithium-ion, sisitemu ya Li-S yerekana amasezerano yo kubika indege no kubika gride. Udushya mu gushushanya electrode no gukora electrolyte ni ugukemura ibibazo byamateka nka shitingi ya polysulfide.
Gukemura ibibazo birambye
Nubwo hari iterambere, ibiciro byibidukikije byo gucukura lithium bishimangira byihutirwa kubindi byatsi:
- Gukuramo litiyumu gakondo itwara amazi menshi (urugero, ibikorwa bya brine ya Atacama yo muri Chili) kandi ikohereza toni ~ 15 za CO₂ kuri toni ya lithium.
- Abashakashatsi ba Stanford baherutse gutangiza uburyo bwo kuvoma amashanyarazi, kugabanya ikoreshwa ry’amazi n’ibyuka bihumanya mu gihe bizamura imikorere.
Kuzamuka kwinshi
Sodium na potasiyumu bigenda byiyongera nkibisimburwa birambye:
- Batteri ya Sodium-ion ubu ihanganye na lithium-ion mu bucucike bw’ingufu mu bushyuhe bukabije, hamwe n’ikinyamakuru cya Physics cyerekana iterambere ryihuse kuri EVS no kubika gride.
- Sisitemu ya Potasiyumu-ion itanga inyungu zifatika, nubwo iterambere ryingufu zikomeje.
Kwagura Ubuzima bwa Bateri kubukungu bwizunguruka
Hamwe na bateri ya EV igumana ubushobozi bwa 70-80% nyuma yimodoka, kongera gukoresha no kuyikoresha ni ngombwa:
- Ubuzima bwa kabiri: Batteri ya pansiyo isezeye ifite ingufu zo guturamo cyangwa ubucuruzi, kubika ibihe byigihe.
- Gusubiramo udushya: Uburyo buhanitse nka hydrometallurgical kugarura ubu ikuramo lithium, cobalt, na nikel neza. Nyamara ~ 5% gusa ya bateri ya lithium yongeye gukoreshwa uyumunsi, munsi yikigereranyo cya 99% ya aside-aside.
- Abashoferi ba politiki nka EU Yaguwe na Producer Responsabilité (EPR) manda ifata abayikora kubuyobozi bwanyuma bwubuzima.
Politiki nubufatanye Gutera Amajyambere
Ibikorwa byisi byihutisha inzibacyuho:
- Itegeko ry’ibihugu by’Uburayi ryita ku bikoresho byifashishwa mu gihe cyo kongera umusaruro.
- Amategeko y’ibikorwa remezo yo muri Amerika atera bateri R&D, guteza imbere ubufatanye bwa leta n’abikorera.
- Ubushakashatsi bwambukiranya imipaka, nk'akazi ka MIT ku gusaza kwa batiri ndetse na tekinoroji yo gukuramo Stanford, ikiraro cya kaminuza n'inganda.
Kugana urusobe rw'ibinyabuzima birambye
Inzira kuri net-zeru isaba ibirenze kwiyongera. Mugushira imbere imiti ikoreshwa neza, ingamba zubuzima bwizunguruka, hamwe nubufatanye mpuzamahanga, bateri ikurikira irashobora guha imbaraga ejo hazaza heza - kuringaniza umutekano wingufu nubuzima bwimibumbe. Nkuko Clare Gray yabishimangiye mu kiganiro yatanze MIT, "Ejo hazaza h’amashanyarazi hashingiwe kuri bateri zidafite imbaraga gusa, ariko zirambye kuri buri cyiciro."
Iyi ngingo irashimangira ibyingenzi bibiri: gupima ibisubizo byububiko bushya mugihe ushizemo imbaraga muri buri watt-isaha yakozwe.
Igihe cyoherejwe: Werurwe-19-2025
