Intangiriro
Minisiteri y'Inganda n'Ikoranabuhanga mu Itangazamakuru (MIIT) yo mu Bushinwa iherutse gusohora amahame ngenderwaho ya GB38031-2025, yiswe "itegeko rikomeye cyane ryo kurinda bateri," ritegeka ko imodoka nshya zose zikoresha ingufu (NEVs) zigomba kugera ku "nta muriro, nta guturika" mu bihe bikomeye bitarenze ku ya 1 Nyakanga 2026. Iri tegeko ry'ingenzi rigaragaza impinduka zikomeye mu nganda, rishyira imbere umutekano nk'ikintu kidasubirwaho. Hano, turasuzuma ibyifuzo bya tekiniki kuri bateri n'iterambere rijyanye nabyo muri sisitemu yo gucunga bateri (BMS) kugira ngo hakemurwe ibi bibazo.
1. Amabwiriza yo hejuru y'umutekano kuri bateri za NEV
Ibipimo ngenderwaho bya GB38031-2025 bitanga ibipimo bihamye bivugurura umutekano wa bateri:
- Gukumira ubushyuhe: Bateri zigomba kwihanganira ibintu bikomeye, harimo kwinjira mu nzara, gusharija cyane, no guhura n'ubushyuhe bwinshi, zitarashya cyangwa ngo ziturike byibuze iminota 60. Ibi bikuraho igitekerezo cya "igihe cyo gutoroka" cyari gisanzweho, gisaba umutekano w'ibanze mu buzima bwa bateri.
- Ubwiza bw'inyubako: Ibizamini bishya, nko kurwanya ingaruka zo hasi (kwigana impanuka z'ibisigazwa by'imyanda yo mu muhanda) n'isuzuma ry'umutekano nyuma yo gushyushya vuba, byemeza ko bihamye mu bihe nyabyo26.
- Kuvugurura Ubucucike bw'Ibikoresho n'Ingufu: Iri hame rishyiraho ubucucike bw'ingufu bungana na Wh 125/kg kuri bateri za lithium iron phosphate (LFP), rigatuma abakora ibikoresho bigezweho nka nano-insulation layers na ceramic coatings16.
Ibi bisabwa bizihutisha gukuraho kw'inganda zo mu rwego rwo hasi, binashimangire ubwiganze bw'abayobozi mu nganda nka CATL na BYD, ikoranabuhanga ryabo (urugero: CATL's CTP 3.0 na BYD's Blade Battery) rimaze guhuza n'amahame mashya26.
2. Iterambere rya BMS: Kuva ku igenzura kugeza ku mutekano uhamye
Nk' "ubwonko" bw'uburyo bwa bateri, BMS igomba guhinduka kugira ngo ihuze n'amabwiriza ya GB38031-2025. Ibyerekezo by'ingenzi birimo:
a. Icyemezo cy'umutekano w'imikorere myiza
BMS igomba kugera ku rwego rwo hejuru rw’ubuziranenge bw’umutekano w’imodoka (ASIL-D hakurikijwe ISO 26262) kugira ngo ikore neza mu buryo butabangamira imikorere. Urugero, BMS yo mu gisekuru cya kane cya BAIC New Energy, yemejwe na ASIL-D mu 2024, igabanya igipimo cy’ihungabana ry’ibikoresho ku kigero cya 90% binyuze mu kugenzura mu buryo bufatika no gushushanya uburyo bwo gusibanganya ibikoresho3. Ubu buryo ni ingenzi cyane mu kumenya amakosa hakiri kare no gukumira ihindagurika ry’ubushyuhe.
b. Guhuza ikoranabuhanga rigezweho ryo kumenya ibintu
Uburyo bwo kuburira hakiri kare ni ingenzi cyane. Ibikoresho byo gupima hydrogen, nk'ibyakozwe na Xinmeixin, bipima imyuka ihumanya (urugero, H₂) mu gihe cy'ubushyuhe butangiye, bigatanga umuburo w'iminota 400 mbere y'uko bitangira. Ibi bikoresho byo gupima amashanyarazi bishingiye kuri MEMS, byemejwe na AEC-Q100, bitanga ubushobozi bwo kumenya no kuramba, bigatuma habaho ibisubizo by'umutekano bihendutse kandi bikwiranye n'uburyo bworoshye bwo kubikora5.
c. BMS ikoresha Cloud na AI ikoresha optimization
Guhuza ikoranabuhanga ryo mu bicu bituma habaho isesengura ry’amakuru mu buryo bw’igihe nyacyo no kuyabungabunga mu gihe cy’igihe. Ibigo nka NXP Semiconductors bikoresha uburyo bwa digital twins bushingiye ku bicu kugira ngo binoze algorithms, binoze uburyo bwo gupima imiterere y’amashanyarazi (SOC) n’imiterere y’ubuzima (SOH) ku kigero cya 12% 7. Iri hinduka rirushaho kunoza imicungire y’imodoka kandi rigatuma habaho ingamba zo gushyushya zihindagurika, bikongera igihe cyo kumara bateri.
d. Udushya Duhendutse mu Giciro Hagati y'Ibiciro byo Gukurikiza Amategeko Bizamuka
Kubahiriza amabwiriza mashya bishobora kongera ikiguzi cya sisitemu ya bateri ho 15–20% bitewe n’ivugurura ry’ibikoresho (urugero, electrolytes zirinda umuriro) no kuvugurura imiterere y’imiterere2. Ariko, udushya nka ikoranabuhanga rya CATL rya CTP modular hamwe na sisitemu zoroshye zo gucunga ubushyuhe bifasha kugabanya ikiguzi mu gihe bikongera ubucucike bw’ingufu68.
3. Ingaruka zagutse ku nganda
l Guhindura Imiterere y'Uruhererekane rw'Ibikoresho: Abarenga 30% by'ibigo bito n'ibiciriritse bishobora kuva ku isoko bitewe n'imbogamizi za tekiniki n'iz'imari, mu gihe ubufatanye hagati y'abakora imodoka n'abayobozi b'ikoranabuhanga (urugero: CATL na BYD) buzarushaho kwiyongera12.
l Guhuza Inganda: Iterambere ry'umutekano muri bateri za NEV ririmo kwisukira mu buryo bwo kubika ingufu (ESS), aho porogaramu za grid-scale zisaba ko "nta muriro, nta guturika" nk'uko bisanzwe2.
l Ubuyobozi Mpuzamahanga: Amahame y'Ubushinwa yiteguye kugira ingaruka ku mahame mpuzamahanga, aho amasosiyete nka Xinmeixin yohereza ikoranabuhanga ryo kugenzura hydrogen ku masoko mpuzamahanga5.
Umwanzuro
Amahame ngenderwaho ya GB38031-2025 agaragaza ihinduka ry’urwego rwa NEV mu Bushinwa, aho umutekano n’udushya bihurira. Ku bakora bateri, kubaho bishingiye ku kumenya gucunga ubushyuhe n’ubumenyi bw’ibikoresho. Ku bakora BMS, ahazaza hari sisitemu z’ubwenge, zihujwe n’ibicu zirinda ibyago aho kugira icyo zibikoraho. Uko inganda zigenda zihinduka ziva ku "gukura ku kiguzi icyo ari cyo cyose" zikajya ku "guhanga udushya mbere y’igihe", amasosiyete ashyira aya mahame muri ADN yazo azayobora igihe gitaha cy’ingendo zirambye.
Komeza ukurikirane amakuru arambuye ku iterambere ry’amategeko n’ikoranabuhanga rigezweho rigena ahazaza h’imodoka nshya zikoresha ingufu.
Igihe cyo kohereza: 22 Mata 2025
